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India, containing 98% wrought iron Wrought iron is an with a very low (less than 0.08%) content in contrast to (2.1% to 4%). It is a semi-fused mass of iron with fibrous (up to 2% by weight), which gives it a 'grain' resembling wood that is visible when it is etched or bent to the point of failure. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile, corrosion-resistant and easily. Before the development of effective methods of and the availability of large quantities of steel, wrought iron was the most common form of malleable iron. It was given the name wrought because it was hammered, rolled or otherwise worked while hot enough to expel molten slag. The modern functional equivalent of wrought iron is.

Neither wrought iron nor mild steel contain enough carbon to be hardenable by heating and quenching. It is a highly refined iron with a small amount of slag forged out into fibres. The chemical analysis of the metal shows as much as 99 percent of iron. The slag characteristic of wrought iron is useful in blacksmithing operations and gives the material its peculiar fibrous structure. The non-corrosive slag constituent causes wrought iron to be resistant to progressive corrosion.

Moreover, the presence of slag produces a structure which diminishes the effect of fatigue caused by shocks and vibrations. Historically, a modest amount of wrought iron was refined into, which was used mainly to produce,,, and other edged tools as well as springs and files. The demand for wrought iron reached its peak in the 1860s, being in high demand for and use. However, as properties such as brittleness of improved with better and as thanks to the and the, the use of wrought iron declined. Many items, before they came to be made of, were produced from wrought iron, including,,,,,,,,,,, wagon tires, straps for timber, and, among many other things.

Wrought iron is no longer produced on a commercial scale. Many products described as wrought iron, such as, and, are actually made of mild steel. They retain that description because they are made to resemble objects which in the past were wrought (worked) by hand by a (although many decorative iron objects, including fences and gates, were often cast rather than wrought). The puddling process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from pig iron, the right half of the illustration (not shown) displays men working a, Tiangong Kaiwu published in 1637, written by (1587–1666). Wrought iron has been used for many centuries, and is the 'iron' that is referred to throughout Western history. The other form of iron,, was in use in China since ancient times but was not introduced into Western Europe until the 15th century; even then, due to its brittleness, it could be used for only a limited number of purposes.

Throughout much of the Middle Ages iron was produced by the direct reduction of ore in manually operated, although had begun to be employed by 1104. The raw material produced by all indirect processes is pig iron. It has a high carbon content and as a consequence it is brittle and could not be used to make hardware. Ekzamen pdd pmr. The was the first of the indirect processes, developed by 1203, but bloomery production continued in many places. The process depended on the development of the blast furnace, of which medieval examples have been discovered at, Sweden and in. The bloomery and osmond processes were gradually replaced from the 15th century by processes, of which there were two versions, the German and Walloon. They were in turn replaced from the late 18th century by, with certain variants such as the Swedish.